Needleless intradermal vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease induced granuloma-free effective protection in pigs

Vaccination is one of the most effective ways of controlling and preventing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks. The effective prevention of this disease requires the use of high-quality vaccines to meet the criteria that enable customers to use them simply. The administration of FMD vaccines containing oil-based adjuvants in pigs can induce the formation of granuloma in the muscle of the vaccinated, which makes these vaccines a less preferable option. Therefore, it is important to establish an FMD vaccine and vaccine delivery tool that offers better immunity and safer application. This study compared the immune responses of intramuscular and needleless intradermal vaccination in pigs. When the same amount of an FMD virus (FMDV) antigen was administered to pigs, both the intradermally and intramuscularly vaccinated groups were protected completely against a challenge of the homologous FMDV, but the intramuscularly vaccinated group showed an overall higher level of neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, the formation of granuloma in muscle could be excluded in the intradermally vaccinated group. Of the oil-based adjuvants selected in this study, ISA 207 was effective in eliciting immunogenicity in intradermal vaccination. In conclusion, a new vaccine formula can be chosen for the delivery of intradermal route to exclude the possibility of local reactions in the muscle and generate protective immunity against an FMDV challenge.

Alternative practices of achieving anaesthesia for dental procedures: a review

Managing pain and anxiety in patients has always been an essential part of dentistry. To prevent pain, dentists administer local anaesthesia (LA) via a needle injection. Unfortunately, anxiety and fear that arise prior to and/or during injection remains a barrier for many children and adults from receiving dental treatment. There is a constant search for techniques to alleviate the invasive and painful nature of the needle injection. In recent years, researchers have developed alternative methods which enable dental anaesthesia to be less invasive and more patient-friendly. The aim of this review is to highlight the procedures and devices available which may replace the conventional needle-administered local anaesthesia. The most known alternative methods in providing anaesthesia in dentistry are: topical anaesthesia, electronic dental anaesthesia, jet-injectors, iontophoresis, and computerized control local anaesthesia delivery systems. Even though these procedures are well accepted by patients to date, it is the authors' opinion that the effectiveness practicality of such techniques in general dentistry is not without limitations.

Effects of needleless connectors on central venous catheter-related thrombotic occlusions: a systematic review / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To evaluate the influence of different types of needleless connector on central venous catheter-related thrombotic occlusions. Methods A detailed search was performed to identify literature about the impact of needleless connector on central venous catheter-related thrombotic occlusions , using the Cochrane Library and the databases of Pubmed,EMbase,CINAHL,CBM,CNKI and WanFang. The meta-analysis or descriptive review were performed after two authors independently searching databases,extracting data and assessing quality of included studies. Results Nine published studies were included for systematic review,which contained three randomized controlled trials,three non-randomized experimental studies and three retrospective observational studies. The results of meta-analysis for five studies showed that the split septum connector was associated with a significantly higher incidence of catheter-related thrombotic occlusions(complete occlusions and partial occlusions) than positive-displacement mechanical valve(RR=0.59,95％CI0.39-0.91,P=0.02). Standard connector and negative- displacement mechanical valve had a higher occlusions rates than positive- displacement mechanical valve ,but the difference did not reach statistical significance after merging the studies( P>0.05). Conclusion It is difficult to decide which needleless connector has the lowest rate of central venous catheter-related thrombotic occlusions because of the insufficient evidence. More large-scale and high-quality randomized controlled trials are required for further confirmation.

Effect of needleless IV connectors on obstruction of double-lumen PICCs / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the effects of two infusion fittings on obstruction of double-lumen PICCs. Methods About 100 patients with double-lumen PICCs treated in the department of oncology in our hospital from 2013 to 2015 were randomized according to simple data table into observation group and control group, with 50 cases in each group:in the observation group Kolafu needleless infusion connector (MC100) was used and in the control group high voltage double-lumen PICCs were connected to the end of the diaphragm closed transfusion needleless joint (Q-syte). The incidence rate of catheter obstruction between the two groups were compared. Result The incidence of obstruction in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion Kolafu needleless infusion connector (MC100) can reduce the obstruction rate of the connectors, worthy of promotion.

A Case of Needleless Jet Injector Induced Bilateral Chorioretinal Injury

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral chorioretinal injury by needleless jet injector misuse. CASE SUMMARY: In a dermatology department, the patient was diagnosed as having total alopecia and was scheduled to be injected on her eyelash by needleless jet injector for treatment but inexpert doctor injected on the eyelid, not eyelash, by mistake. She then suddenly complained of blurred vision and a floater just after that procedure and was referred to the ophthalmology department. Bilateral vitreous hemorrhage and preretinal hemorrhage were seen during indirect ophthalmoscopic examination and bilateral prophylactic argon laser photocoagulation was done around the suspicious tear site. Then bilateral vitreous hemorrhage and preretinal hemorrhage were absorbed and we found a partial retinal rupture lesion and choroidal rupture lesion in the right eye and a retinal injury lesion in the lefteye. Therefore we observed the lesions of both eyes continuously without further treatment. Her clinical symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS: Needleless jet injector has many advantages, especially less pain and injury than a normal needle injector and is usually used in clinic as preoperative local anesthesia and steroid injection in many medical fields. In this case, the needleless injector was accidentally misused inducing both direct and indirect choroidal rupture and retinal injury. In general, while a needleless jet injector is used in ophthalmology department, we have to use it with the greatest care.